SELF-CONSTITUTION IN THE ETHICS OF PLATO AND KANT

ABSTRACT. Plato and Kant advance a “constitutional” model of the soul, in which reason
and appetite or passion have different structural and functional roles in the generation of
motivation, as opposed to the familiar “Combat Model” in which they are portrayed as
independent sources of motivation struggling for control. In terms of the constitutional
model we may explain what makes an action different from an event. What makes an
action attributable to a person, and therefore what makes it an action, is that it issues from
the person’s constitution, and therefore from the person as a whole, rather than from some
force working on or in the person. This in turn implies an account of what makes an action
good: what makes an action good is that it is deliberated upon and chosen in a way that
unifies the person into a constitutional system. Through deliberative action we constitute
ourselves as unified agents. Platonic justice and Kant’s categorical imperative are shown to
be normative standards for action because they are principles of self-constitution.
KEY WORDS: action, autonomy, categorical imperative, constitution, deliberation, inter-
nal standard, justice, Kant, normativity, Plato, universalizability, will=